When we discuss bacterial infections, we often think of exotoxins – those soluble proteins actively secreted by bacteria – while overlooking endotoxins, which are more insidious but equally dangerous.

Understanding how proteins behave in living systems is central to biology. Yet, for decades, researchers have relied on overexpression models or antibody-based detection methods that can distort the ...

The approach aims to support broader FDA acceptance of the monocyte activation test (MAT) as a replacement, animal-free pyrogen test. A new validation strategy that addresses both European ...

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are irreversible adducts formed when reducing sugars react nonenzymatically with the amino groups lysine and arginine on proteins. Schiff bases and Amadori ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Anjana Susarla is a professor of Responsible AI at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University. Infrastructure ...

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) occupy >8% of the human genome. Aberrant resurgence of ERVs has been implicated recently in several critical pathologies. However, the possible incidence and role of ERV ...

The evolutionary success of an organism is determined by replication of its genome in the face of exposure to a wide range of infectious parasites. All organisms have evolved defenses against ...

Bacteria can be found everywhere—even sometimes in clean rooms. That’s a problem for manufacturers of drugs and medical devices that are injected or implanted. Even if manufacturers can remove the ...

Sick animals often move to warmer places to raise their body temperature. GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Stone via Getty Images When your immune system detects harmful microbes, your body raises its internal ...

As with many ideas in the field of nutrition, the concept of antioxidants is often oversimplified by popular media in ways that run the risk of leaving out important details. When announcing the ...

According to Nova One Advisor, the global pyrogen testing market size was estimated at USD 1,55 billion in 2024 and is expected to hit around USD 3.52 billion by 2034, poised to grow at a CAGR of 8.55 ...