Inspired by the rebellious Spaniards' success against Napoleon, Austria launched a campaign to liberate neighboring countries from Napoleon's rule. Hoping to inspire large-scale revolution throughout ...

Frustrated by Portugal's defiance of his Continental Blockade against trade with Great Britan, Napoleon ordered General Jerot to march French troops over the Pyrenees. On November 30, French troops ...

In 1809, as Napoleon fought the Austrians at Wagram, the war in Spain and Portugal continued to rage. The French had inflicted several heavy defeats on Spanish field armies, but now they faced a ...

In 1812, hundreds of thousands of men in Napoleon's army perished during their retreat from Russia. Researchers now believe a ...