The etiology of bullous disease of diabetes is unknown. Prominent acral accentuation of the disease's lesions suggests a susceptibility to microtrauma-induced changes. However, most patients develop ...

The osmotic fragility test (OFT) is used to measure erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis while being exposed to varying levels of dilution of a saline solution. There is no true consensus among ...

Without treatment, tropical sprue runs a relapsing course and can result in severe malnutrition. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy and replacement of nutrient deficiencies (eg, folic acid, vitamin ...

Speckled lentiginous nevus (also referred to as nevus spilus) is a patch of hyperpigmentation that can be seen on any area of the body. This patch contains a variable number of darkly pigmented ...

The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of thyroid disease. Key diagnostic and treatment recommendations have been reviewed and integrated throughout the article.

The normal reference value for the activated protein C resistance (APCR) ratio is greater than 2.0. [1] A falsely low APCR ratio (< 2.0) may be seen in those with conditions with reduced protein S ...

Povidone-iodine 1.25% ophthalmic solution may be as effective as topical antibiotics, especially in resource-limited settings There is no data supporting the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for mild ...

The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Key diagnostic and treatment recommendations have been reviewed and integrated ...

Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery articles covering symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up. Peer reviewed and up-to-date recommendations written by leading experts.

The Hoehn and Yahr scale is used to describe the symptom progression of Parkinson disease. [1, 2, 3] The scale originally was described in 1967 and included stages 1 through 5. [4] It has since been ...

Surgery is preferred for most patients with early or localized disease, and may be considered for locally advanced disease. Selected patients with advanced or metastatic disease may receive surgical ...