Circuit simulations are great because you can experiment with circuits and make changes with almost no effort. In Circuit VR, we look at circuits using a simulator to do experiments without having to ...

In the last Circuit VR we looked at some basic op amp circuits in a simulator, including the non-inverting amplifier. Sometimes you want an amplifier that inverts the signal. That is a 5V input ...

In a balanced op-amp circuit, the op-amp inputs see equal impedances looking into the circuit. Balanced circuits provide better performance by cancelling some input errors and have a simple R F /R I ...

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is an efficient method for controlling the light intensity of a lamp or the speed of a simple DC motor. It lets you take advantage of the load's inertia by switching the ...

voltage. Often a passive single-pole RC filter will satisfy design requirements, but this approach typically suffers from several drawbacks including slow response time, noisy results, and having an ...

You can generate a variable dc reference voltage with a DAC or with a PWM (pulse-width-modulation) signal from your controller (Figure 1). The accuracy of the voltage source that the ...